[110][nb 14], Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, was alarmed by this, both as a matter of principle, since Stephen had previously agreed in 1135 to respect the freedoms of the church, and more pragmatically because he himself had recently built six castles and had no desire to be treated in the same way. [240] Stubbs' analysis, focusing on the disorder of the period, influenced his student John Round to coin the term "the Anarchy" to describe the period, a label that, whilst sometimes critiqued, continues to be used today. [150] Waleran's twin brother, Robert of Leicester, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time. Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. Kenji Yoshitake represents the current academic consensus when he notes that the impact of the arrests "was not serious", placing the beginning of the disintegration of the royal government at the subsequent battle of Lincoln. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. [213] As a result, instead of a battle ensuing, members of the church brokered a truce, to the annoyance of both Stephen and Henry. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144, splitting up Stephen's Honour of Lancaster between himself and Prince Henry. [215], Fighting continued after Wallingford, but in a rather half-hearted fashion. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features TV-PG. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. [120] Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of chivalry; he was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare. [101] Nonetheless, Stephen could now focus his attention on the anticipated invasion of England by Robert and Matilda's forces. [116][nb 16] The Empress stayed at Arundel Castle, whilst Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, a capable military leader who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. [42] The King then appointed him Bishop of Winchester, one of the richest bishoprics, allowing him to retain Glastonbury as well. [4][nb 2], France in the 12th century was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under the minimal control of the King of France. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. [91] A small number of Stephen's household knights were sent north to help the fight against the Scots, where David's forces were defeated later that year at the battle of the Standard in August by the forces of Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. [238], Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition that emerged during the Victorian era traced a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. He was known for his qualities as a statesman, his military experience, and leadership ability. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. Several of the key chronicles were written in the south-west of England, including the Gesta Stephani, or "Acts of Stephen", and William of Malmesbury's Historia Novella, or "New History". ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. Robert of Gloucester and the Empress besieged Henry in the city of Winchester in July. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England, and proposed to Henry in 1135 that the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive and insist on the Norman nobility swearing immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death. [109] These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda. [226] Stephen fell ill with a stomach disease and died on 25 October at the local priory, being buried at Faversham Abbey with his wife Matilda and son Eustace. [78] In 1136, Archbishop of Canterbury William de Corbeil died. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. (1992) "Financing Stephen's War,", Helmerichs, Robert. [246] Historian Keith Stringer provides a more positive portrayal of Stephen, arguing that his ultimate failure as king was the result of external pressures on the Norman state, rather than the result of personal failings. [234] Most of the chronicles carry some bias for or against Stephen, Robert of Gloucester or other key figures in the conflict. [118] Stephen promptly moved south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. [25] It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. [94] Unfortunately, the powerful Ranulf I, Earl of Chester, considered himself to hold the traditional rights to Carlisle and Cumberland and was extremely displeased to see them being given to the Scots. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. [231] All of the main chronicler accounts carry significant regional biases in how they portray the disparate events. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. 280283; Bradbury pp. He was present at court during the King's visit to the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in 1113. [202] Stephen also cut his links to the Cistercian order, and turned instead to the Cluniacs, of which Henry was a member. [139][nb 19], Robert took Stephen back to Gloucester, where the King met with the Empress Matilda, and was then moved to Bristol Castle, traditionally used for holding high-status prisoners. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. (2001) "Kingship, usurpation and propaganda in twelfth century Europe: the case of Stephen", This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 01:15. [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. [43] The Norman kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power and autonomy over the church within their territories. Le Patourel, John (1973) "What did not happen in Stephen's reign?". [33] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. [31], Henry attempted to build up a base of political support for Matilda in both England and Normandy, demanding that his court take oaths first in 1127, and then again in 1128 and 1131, to recognise Matilda as his immediate successor and recognise her descendants as the rightful rulers after her. First, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, rebelled against the King, starting the descent into civil war in England. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. [77], The security of Normandy was also a concern. [198] Stephen's dispute with the church had its origins in 1140, when Archbishop Thurstan of York died. [232] In Normandy, Orderic Vitalis wrote his Ecclesiastical History, covering Stephen's reign until 1141, and Robert of Torigni wrote a later history of the rest of the period. [221] Despite the issuing of new currency and administrative reforms, Stephen might potentially have lived for many more years, whilst Henry's position on the continent was far from secure. God's War: a New History of the Crusades. Barlow, p. 111; Koziol, p. 17; Thompson, p. 3. [66], Returning south, Stephen held his first royal court at Easter 1136. [95] The armies of the period centred on bodies of mounted, armoured knights, supported by infantry and crossbowmen. [104][nb 13] He appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom. Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to. 1 SEASON. [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. [69] He portrayed himself as the natural successor to Henry's policies, and reconfirmed the existing seven earldoms in the kingdom on their existing holders. [113] As the papal legate, he summoned the King to appear before an ecclesiastical council to answer for the arrests and seizure of property. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography The Normans and Their Adversaries at War. [207] When Theobald refused yet again, Stephen and Eustace imprisoned both him and the bishops and refused to release them unless they agreed to crown Eustace. Aubrey threatened that Stephen would complain to the pope that he was being harassed by the English church, and the council let the matter rest following an unsuccessful appeal to Rome. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. [91] Robert had tried to convince Theobald to take the throne in 1135; he did not attend Stephen's first court in 1136 and it took several summonses to convince him to attend court at Oxford later that year. [233] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was past its prime by the time of Stephen but is remembered for its striking account of conditions during "the Anarchy". [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". [23][nb 4] The ship foundered en route, and all but two of the passengers died, including William Adelin. He also worked with space-time singularities. Historian R. H. C. Davis's influential biography paints a picture of a weak king: a capable military leader in the field, full of activity and pleasant, but "beneath the surface mistrustful and sly", with poor strategic judgement that ultimately undermined his reign. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. [220], Stephen's decision to recognise Henry as his heir was, at the time, not necessarily a final solution to the civil war. [47] Nonetheless, Stephen probably reached his own estate on the edge of London by 8 December and over the next week he began to seize power in England. France in the Middle Ages 9871460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc. [168] He threatened to execute Geoffrey unless the Earl handed over his various castles, including the Tower of London, Saffron Walden and Pleshey, all important fortifications because they were in, or close to, London. [185] Surprisingly, Stephen himself ended up paying their costs, allowing Henry to return home safely; his reasons for doing so are unclear. He was extremely wealthy, well-mannered and liked by his peers; he was also considered a man capable of firm action. Frank Barlow, for example, describes it as a straightforward. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [29], Stephen was a well established figure in Anglo-Norman society by 1135. Keith Stringer argues that Stephen "was surely right" to seize the castles, and that the act was a "calculated display of royal masterfulness"; Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow praise the military soundness of the tactic. [240], Stephen remains a popular subject for historical study: David Crouch suggests that after King John he is "arguably the most written-about medieval king of England". Schmieder & O'Doherty (2015), pp. An argument then broke out between a group of reformers based in York and backed by Bernard of Clairvaux, the head of the Cistercian order, who preferred William of Rievaulx as the new archbishop, and Stephen and his brother Henry, who preferred various Blois family relatives. [6] In the west lay the three counties of Maine, Anjou and Touraine, and to the north of Blois was the Duchy of Normandy, from which William the Conqueror had conquered England in 1066. [170], For a period, the situation continued to worsen. [212] By this point in the war, the barons on both sides seem to have been eager to avoid an open battle. [4] His eldest brother was William, who under normal circumstances would have ruled Blois and Chartres. [201], Stephen was furious over what he saw as potentially precedent-setting papal interference in his royal authority, and initially refused to allow Murdac into England. [161] Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping the Empress in the castle. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. [53] David I of Scotland invaded the north on the news of Henry's death, taking Carlisle, Newcastle and other key strongholds. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [188], The young Henry FitzEmpress returned to England again in 1149, this time planning to form a northern alliance with Ranulf of Chester. [101] Ranulf devised a plan for dealing with the problem by ambushing Henry whilst the prince was travelling back from Stephen's court to Scotland after Christmas. [225] He began issuing royal writs for the south-west of England once again and travelled to York where he held a major court in an attempt to impress upon the northern barons that royal authority was being reasserted. [142] Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. [91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [209] Despite only modest military successes, Henry and his allies now controlled the south-west, the Midlands and much of the north of England. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [214] Eustace's death removed an obvious claimant to the throne and was politically convenient for those seeking a permanent peace in England. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. His wife Matilda was sent to Kent with ships and resources from Boulogne, with the task of retaking the key port of Dover, under Robert's control. [196] In 1148, Stephen built the Cluniac Faversham Abbey as a resting place for his family. 189190; Barlow, pp. King (2010), p. 9; Crouch (2002), p. 241. Helmerichs, p. 137; Carpenter, pp. 278279; Crouch (2002), p. 276. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [161] Oxford Castle, however, was a powerful fortress and, rather than storming it, Stephen had to settle down for a long siege, albeit secure in the knowledge that Matilda was now surrounded. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. [210], Over the summer, Stephen intensified the long-running siege of Wallingford Castle in a final attempt to take this major Angevin stronghold. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. Other supporters of the Empress were restored in their former strongholds, such as Bishop Nigel of Ely, or received new earldoms in the west of England. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. In 1106 he invaded and captured the Duchy of Normandy, controlled by his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, defeating Robert's army at the battle of Tinchebray. [193], In the final years of the war, Stephen began to focus on the issue of his family and the succession. King, Edmund. [24] Despite the King taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, it became increasingly unlikely that he would have another legitimate son, and he instead looked to Matilda as his intended heir. [88] There were significant underlying problems, nonetheless. [100] The King took the opportunity of his military advantage to forge a peace agreement with Scotland. [99] Dover finally surrendered to the queen's forces later in the year. WebWhat does Stephen mean? Roger and his family were also enemies of Waleran, who disliked their control of the royal administration. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . [235] Those writing for the church after the events of Stephen's later reign, such as John of Salisbury for example, paint the King as a tyrant due to his argument with the Archbishop of Canterbury; by contrast, clerics in Durham regarded Stephen as a saviour, due to his contribution to the defeat of the Scots at the battle of the Standard. [32] Stephen was amongst those who took this oath in 1127. [114][nb 15], The Angevin invasion finally arrived in 1139. WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain. [180] Numerous "adulterine", or unauthorised, castles had been built as bases for local lordsthe chronicler Robert of Torigny complained that as many as 1,115 such castles had been built during the conflict, although this was probably an exaggeration as elsewhere he suggested an alternative figure of 126. Stephen created many more, filling them with men he considered to be loyal, capable military commanders, and in the more vulnerable parts of the country assigning them new lands and additional executive powers. [228] Stephen's daughter Marie I, Countess of Boulogne, also survived her father; she had been placed in a convent by Stephen, but after his death she left and married. The royal administration under Henry I had been headed by Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, supported by Roger's nephews, Alexander and Nigel, the Bishops of Lincoln and Ely respectively, and Roger's son, Lord Chancellor Roger le Poer. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. In June 1139, Stephen held his court in Oxford, where a fight between Alan of Brittany and Roger's men broke out, an incident probably deliberately created by Stephen. [51] There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [25] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late King was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [48], The crowds in London traditionally claimed a right to elect the King, and they proclaimed Stephen the new monarch, believing that he would grant the city new rights and privileges in return. Theobald was appointed a papal legate in 1151, adding to his authority. Davies, R. H. C. (1964) "What happened in Stephen's reign 113554?". [58][nb 8], Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. [189] The Angevin plan involved Ranulf agreeing to give up his claim to Carlisle, held by the Scots, in return for being given the rights to the whole of the Honour of Lancaster; Ranulf would give homage to both David and Henry FitzEmpress, with Henry having seniority. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. [121][nb 17], Having released the Empress, Stephen focused on pacifying the south-west of England. [126] Meanwhile, Miles of Gloucester marched east, attacking Stephen's rearguard forces at Wallingford and threatening an advance on London. [143] Stephen agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him, and the clergy gathered again in Winchester after Easter to declare the Empress "Lady of England and Normandy" as a precursor to her coronation. Geoffrey of Anjou invaded in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . William was probably intellectually disabled, and Adela instead had the counties pass to her second son, later also Count Theobald II of Champagne. [141] He was initially left confined in relatively good conditions, but his security was later tightened and he was kept in chains. (1994) "1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England," in, Green, J. [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. [91] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. [110] Stephen responded by demanding that Roger and the other bishops surrender all of their castles in England. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. [171] By this point, however, Stephen's practice of inviting barons to court and arresting them had brought him into some disrepute and increasing distrust. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. 171172; Crouch (2008a), p. 29. [78] Events in England meant that Stephen was unable to travel to Normandy himself, so Waleran de Beaumont, appointed by Stephen as the lieutenant of Normandy, and Theobald led the efforts to defend the duchy. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. [176] In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry.
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